So, is there a way to encourage new users to supply some kind of name when they sign up?
Sure, quote Jon Skeet's answerJon Skeet's answer:
One way of thinking about [using your real name] is that if you're not comfortable enough with a post (question or answer) to want your [real] name next to it, are you really sure you want to post it in the first place?
I.e. using ones real name encourages contributing more useful content, and in reverse it increases the trust others can put in you providing higher quality than a "user6797". Though I agree that for researches it might be advantageous to decrease their "google polution" by using some slight modification/abbreviation/etc yet indicate their real name on their user profile.